Further Research Two
In this research I looked at examples of world architecture from the list in my Pre-Project outline, that was prepared before Week 4. I found some useful solutions that might be applied to my project and give a deeper understanding how they work in real life. In this research I focused on buildings with an example of daylight of museum or exhibition. I thought that most exhibits should be illuminated only by artificial light or to be kept in the dark to save them. In these examples I found that daylight also can be used but has to be diffused. This helps to make the building more independent from electricity and to get better colour reproduction.
Joslyn Art Museum (USA)
In 1994 and 2024 Joslyn Art Museum got an expansion with new galleries and all three building are connected. The historical Joslyn Art Museum building designed in 1931 in Art Deco style has pink marble walls, small windows and minimal daylights. Artificial light was used to illuminate the exhibits. It was done to protect art works from destruction.
In 1994 Norman Foster designed a new pavilion, The Walter & Suzanne Scott. The new building has more open space because of using steel, glazing and skylights. Norman Foster created an atrium that connects the original and the new building and light openings in the galleries. The skylight goes through the transparent glass surface at an angle, diffuses through the matte glass, reflects from the reflective panel at an angle and spreads further reflecting from the surfaces in galleries (image 3). It helps to bring soft natural light to the building, create soft shadows and avoid glare in galleries. Norman Foster used green granite that is a good combination with the pink marble in original building and white matte (to avoid glare) surfaces in galleries that reflect light well.
In 2024 Snøhetta bureau and architects APMA designed a new expansion for museum. The new building has a more organic shape, two entrances and more lighting. The architects used a similar system of diffused lighting. However this system has other materials and technologies are used here. The glass is covered by layers that help to diffuse and filter the light. Also there is a space between the roof and the ceiling. In this space artificial light, reflective panels and filters are located. The light goes through the glass roof, then through filters, reflects from the panel, mixed with artificial light and goes into the building through the mat glass. In this case, the ceiling glows and galleries get more controlled lighting (image 4).
Kunsthaus Bregenz (Austria)
This Contemporary Art Museum was designed by Peter Zumthor in 1997. The cube-shaped building has four exhibition floors. The galleries are illuminated by natural light during the day and by artificial light during the evening. The facade of building is completely glazed but the galleries are fully protected from direct sunlight. The natural light goes through the matte glass facade panels and gets into the space with the steel frame (including ventilation and insulation) between the facade and the gallery walls. Then the light spreads through the double glass into the space above the gallery ceiling and does through the matte glass ceilings into the gallery (image 6). Therefore the daylight is refracted three times and the main light source comes from above. This helps to illuminate the exhibition space evenly. In some areas the ceiling is opaque and the light goes from the sides (image 8). Inside the galleries are used a reinforced concrete and white surfaces to reflect the light.
Kimbell Art Museum (USA)
In 1972 Louis Kahn designed Kimbell Art Museum. The building consists of vaults. In every vault is located a long gallery and all galleries are parallel to each other. The natural light passes through the hole (at the highest point and along the gallery) in the roof. Then the light reflects off aluminium panels that repeat the roof slope and spreads across the concrete ceiling (image 10). Some exhibits are illuminated by artificial lights.
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